5/15/13

Patogenesis,Patofisiologi dan Manifestasi Klinis HIV AIDS



Patogenesis
Dasar utama patogenesis HIV adalah kurangnya jenis limposit T helper/induser yang mengandung marker CD 4 (sel T 4). Limfosit T 4 merupakan pusat dan sel utama yang terlibat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam menginduksi fungsi-fungsi imunologik. Menurun atau hilangnya sistem imunitas seluler, terjadi karena HIV secara selektif menginfeksi sel yang berperan membentuk zat antibodi pada sistem kekebalan tersebut, yaitu sel lymfosit T4. Setelah HIV mengikat diri pada molekul CD 4, virus masuk kedalam target dan ia melepas bungkusnya kemudian dengan enzym reverse transcryptae ia merubah bentuk RNA agar dapat bergabung dengan DNA sel target. Selanjutnya sel yang berkembang biak akan mengundang bahan genetik virus. Infeksi HIV dengan demikian menjadi irreversibel dan berlangsung seumur hidup.

Pada awal infeksi, HIV tidak segera menyebabkan kematian dari sel yang di infeksinya tetapi terlebih dahulu mengalami replikasi (penggandaan), sehingga ada kesempatan untuk berkembang dalam tubuh penderita tersebut, yang lambat laun akan menghabiskan atau merusak sampai jumlah tertentu dari sel lymfosit T4. setelah beberapa bulan sampai beberapa tahun kemudian, barulah pada penderita akan terlihat gejala klinis sebagai dampak dari infeksi HIV tersebut. Masa antara terinfeksinya HIV dengan timbulnya gejala-gejala penyakit (masa inkubasi) adalah 6 bulan sampai lebih dari 10 tahun, rata-rata 21 bulan pada anak-anak dan 60 bulan pada orang dewasa.
Infeksi oleh virus HIV menyebabkan fungsi kekebalan tubuh rusak yang mengakibatkan daya tahan tubuh berkurang atau hilang, akibatnya mudah terkena penyakit-penyakit lain seperti penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri, protozoa, dan jamur dan juga mudah terkena penyakit kanker seperti sarkoma kaposi. HIV mungkin juga secara langsung menginfeksi sel-sel syaraf, menyebabkan kerusakan neurologis.

Patofisiologi
            Peran penting sel T dalam “menyalakan” semua kekuatan limfosit dan makrofag, membuat sel T penolong dapat dianggap sebagai “tombol utama” sistem imun. Virus AIDS secara selektif menginvasi sel T penolong, menghancurkan atau melumpuhkan sel-sel yang biasanya megatur sebagian besar respon imun. Virus ini juga menyerang makrofag, yang semakin melumpuhkan sistem imun, dan kadang-kadang juga masuk ke sel-sel otak, sehingga timbul demensia (gangguan kapasitas intelektual yang parah) yang dijumpai pada sebagian pasien AIDS.
            Dalam tubuh ODHA, partikel virus bergabung dengan DNA sel pasien, sehingga satu kali seseorang terinfeksi HIV, seumur hidup ia akan tetap terinfeksi. Dari semua orang yang terinfeksi HIV, sebagian berkembang masuk tahap AIDS pada 3 tahun pertama, 50% berkembang menjadi AIDS sesudah 10 tahun, dan sesudah 13 tahun hampir semua orang yang terinfeksi HIV menunjukkan gejala AIDS, dan kemudian meninggal. Gejala yang terjadi adalah demam, nyeri menelan, pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening, ruam, diare, atau batuk. Setelah infeksi akut, dimulailah infeksi HIV asimptomatik (tanpa gejala). Masa tanpa gejala ini umumnya berlangsung selama 8-10 tahun.
            Pada waktu orang dengan infeksi HIV masih merasa sehat, klinis tidak menunjukkan gejala, pada waktu itu terjadi replikasi HIV yang tinggi, 10 partikel setiap hari. Bersamaan dengan replikasi HIV, terjadi kehancuran limfosit CD4 yang tinggi, untungnya tubuh masih bisa mengkompensasi dengan memproduksi limfosit CD4 sekitar 109 setiap hari.
Manifestasi Klinis AIDS
Tanda-tanda gejala-gejala (symptom) secara klinis pada seseorang penderita AIDS adalah diidentifikasi sulit karena symptomasi yang ditujukan pada umumnya adalah bermula dari gejala-gejala umum yang lazim didapati pada berbagai penderita penyakit lain, namun secara umum dapat kiranya dikemukakan sebagai berikut :
• Rasa lelah dan lesu
• Berat badan menurun secara drastis
• Demam yang sering dan berkeringat diwaktu malam
• Mencret dan kurang nafsu makan
• Bercak-bercak putih di lidah dan di dalam mulut
• Pembengkakan leher dan lipatan paha
• Radang paru-paru
• Kanker kulit
Manifestasi klinik utama dari penderita AIDS pada umumnya ada 2 hal antara lain tumor dan infeksi oportunistik :

1. Manifestadi tumor diantaranya;
a. Sarkoma kaposi ; kanker pada semua bagian kulit dan organ tubuh. Frekuensi kejadiannya 36-50% biasanya terjadi pada kelompok homoseksual, dan jarang terjadi pada heteroseksual serta jarang menjadi sebab kematian primer.
b. Limfoma ganas ; terjadi setelah sarkoma kaposi dan menyerang syaraf, dan bertahan kurang lebih 1 tahun.

2. Manifestasi Oportunistik diantaranya
2.1. Manifestasi pada Paru-paru
2.1.1. Pneumonia Pneumocystis (PCP)
Pada umumnya 85% infeksi oportunistik pada AIDS merupakan infeksi paru-paru PCP dengan gejala sesak nafas, batuk kering, sakit bernafas dalam dan demam.
2.1.2. Cytomegalo Virus (CMV)
Pada manusia virus ini 50% hidup sebagai komensial pada paru-paru tetapi dapat menyebabkan pneumocystis. CMV merupakan penyebab kematian pada 30% penderita AIDS.
2.1.3. Mycobacterium Avilum
Menimbulkan pneumoni difus, timbul pada stadium akhir dan sulit disembuhkan.
2.1.4. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Biasanya timbul lebih dini, penyakit cepat menjadi miliar dan cepat menyebar ke organ lain diluar paru.
2.2. Manifestasi pada Gastroitestinal
Tidak ada nafsu makan, diare khronis, berat badan turun lebih 10% per bulan.
3. Manifestasi Neurologis
Sekitar 10% kasus AIDS nenunjukkan manifestasi Neurologis, yang biasanya timbul pada fase akhir penyakit. Kelainan syaraf yang umum adalah ensefalitis, meningitis, demensia, mielopati dan neuropari perifer.


                                                          
Faktor Resiko HIV
Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan denagan risiko transmisi HIV yang meningkat dituliskan dalam tabel di bawah ini.
Transmisi
Faktor yang meningkatkan resiko
Umum pada setiap orang
Viral load tinggi

Adanya AIDS

Serokonversi

Hitung CD4 rendah


Ibu ke anak
Pecah ketuban lama

Persalinan pervaginam

Menyusui

Tidak ada profilaksis HIV


Seksual
Terjadi bersamaan dengan PMS lain

Anal seks yang reseptif vs insertif

Tidak disirkumsisi

Peningkatan jumlah pasangan seksual


Penggunaan obat suntik
Menggunakan peralatan secara bersama-sama dan berulang

Suntikan IV vs subkutan


Pekerjaan
Trauma dalam

Darah yang terlihat dalam peralatan

Penempatan alat arteri atau vena sebelumnya

Sumber :
1.      Kandal, B.K. dkk., 2004, Penyakit Infeksi Edisi ke-6, Erlangga, Jakarta.
2.      http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fkm/fkm-fazidah4.pdf diunduh pada tanggal 29 April 2013 Pukul 13.14 WIB
3.      http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31728/4/Chapter%20II.pdf diunduh pada tanggal 29 April 2013 Pukul 13.17 WIB

10 comments:

  1. I'm 15 years old. I was born with HIV my mother passed away because of the HIV infection And I regret why i never met Dr Itua he could have cured my mum for me because as a single mother it was very hard for my mother I came across Dr itua healing words online about how he cure different disease in different races diseases like HIV/Aids Herpes,Parkison,Asthma,Autism,Copd,Epilepsy,Shingles,Cold Sore,Infertility, Chronic Fatigues Syndrome,Fibromyalgia,Love  Spell,Prostate Cancer,Lung Cancer,Glaucoma.,psoriasis,Cirrhosis of Liver, Cataracts,Macular degeneration, Chrons disease,Infectious mononucleosis.,Cardiovascular disease,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Alzheimer's disease,psoriasis,Bipolar Disorder,Dementia.,Tach Disease,Breast Cancer,Blood Cancer,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Love Spell,Chronic Diarrhea,Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Scoliosis,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone ToxicitySyndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgresSclerosis,Weak Erection,Breast Enlargment,Penis Enlargment,Hpv,measles, tetanus, whooping cough, tuberculosis, polio and diphtheria)Diabetes Hepatitis even Cancer I was so excited but frighten at same time because I haven't come across such thing article online then I contacted Dr Itua on Mail drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com/ . I also chat with him on what's app +2348149277967 he tells me how it works then I tell him I want to proceed I paid him so swiftly Colorado post office I receive my herbal medicine within 4/5 working days he gave me guild lines to follow and here am I living healthy again can imagine how god use men to manifest his works am I writing in all articles online to spread the god work of Dr Itua Herbal Medicine,He's a Great Man.  

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  2. Obat herbal Dr. Imoloa yang luar biasa adalah obat penyembuhan yang sempurna untuk Virus HIV, saya mendiagnosis HIV selama 8 tahun, dan setiap hari saya selalu mencari penelitian untuk mencari cara sempurna untuk menghilangkan penyakit mengerikan ini karena saya selalu tahu bahwa yang kita butuhkan karena kesehatan kita ada di bumi. Jadi, pada pencarian saya di internet saya melihat beberapa kesaksian berbeda tentang bagaimana Dr. imoloa dapat menyembuhkan HIV dengan obat herbal yang kuat. Saya memutuskan untuk menghubungi pria ini, saya menghubunginya untuk obat herbal yang saya terima melalui layanan kurir DHL. Dan dia membimbing saya bagaimana caranya. Saya memintanya untuk solusi minum obat herbal selama dua minggu. dan kemudian dia menginstruksikan saya untuk pergi memeriksa yang saya lakukan. lihatlah aku (HIV NEGATIF). Terima kasih Tuhan untuk dr imoloa telah menggunakan obat herbal yang kuat untuk menyembuhkanku. ia juga memiliki obat untuk penyakit seperti: penyakit parkison, kanker vagina, epilepsi, Gangguan Kecemasan, Penyakit Autoimun, Nyeri Punggung, Keseleo, Gangguan Bipolar, Tumor Otak, Ganas, Bruxisme, Bulimia, Penyakit Disk Serviks, Penyakit Kardiovaskular, Penyakit Kardiovaskular, Neoplasma, kronis penyakit pernapasan, gangguan mental dan perilaku, Cystic Fibrosis, Hipertensi, Diabetes, asma, radang sendi yang dimediasi autoimun. penyakit ginjal kronis, penyakit radang sendi, sakit punggung, impotensi, spektrum alkohol feta, Gangguan Dymyme, Eksim, kanker kulit, TBC, Sindrom Kelelahan Kronis, sembelit, penyakit radang usus, kanker tulang, kanker paru-paru, sariawan, kanker mulut, tubuh nyeri, demam, hepatitis ABC, sifilis, diare, Penyakit Huntington, jerawat punggung, gagal ginjal kronis, penyakit addison, Penyakit Kronis, Penyakit Crohn, Cystic Fibrosis, Fibromyalgia, Penyakit Radang Usus Besar, penyakit kuku jamur, Penyakit Kelumpuhan, penyakit Celia, Limfoma , Depresi Besar, Melanoma Ganas, Mania, Melorheostosis, Penyakit Meniere, Mucopolysaccharidosis, Multiple Sclerosis, Distrofi Otot, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Penyakit Alzheimer, email- drimolaherbalmademedicine@gmail.com / hubungi atau {whatssapp ..... +2347081986098. }

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  3. TESTIMONY OF HOW I GOT CURED FROM HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
    This is real take it serious, who will believe that a herb can cure herpes, i never believe that this will work, i have spend a lot getting drugs from the hospital to keep me healthy, it got to a time that i was waiting for is death to come because i was broke, one day i hard about this great man called DR.EHBOS who is well know for Herpes, HIV, and Cancer cure, i decided to email him I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared a herbal medicine (CURE) and sent it through Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office. they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and after receiving it, i took the medicine as prescribed by him at the end of the two week, he told me to go to the hospital for a check up, and i went, surprisingly after the test the doctor confirm me Herpes simplex virus negative, i thought it was a joke, i went to other hospital and was also negative, thank you for saving my life, I promise I will always testify of your good works. if you are herpes simplex virus patient, contact him and I am sure you will get cured, contact him now: drehbos@gmail.com or whatsapp him +2348133505254 so you can also receive your healing and share your testimony

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  4. THANKS TO DR ONIHA WHO CURED ME AND MY HUSBAND OF FIVE YEARS STAPHYLOCOCUS INFECTION.
    WE SUFFERED STAPH INFECTION FOR OVER FOUR YEARS, WE WENT TO ALMOST ALL THE HOSPITAL IN TOWN, TO NO AND VAIL, WE EVEN TOOK SO MANY ANTIBIOTICS WHICH DID NOT YIELD ANY MEANIFUL RESULT, UNTIL A FRIEND RECOMMENDED DR ONIHA'S HERBAL MEDICATION TO ME, AND WE GAVE IT A TRY, WITHIN A MONTH AND A WEEK, WE WERE BOTH CURED COMPLETELY OF STAPHTLOCOCUS.
    IN CASE YOU ARE PASSSING THROUGH SIMILAR PROBLEM, AND YOU NEED DR ONIHA'S ASSISTANCE, YOU CAN CALL OR WHATSAP HIM ON +2347089275769 OR EMAIL: DRONIHASPELL@YAHOO.COM

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  5. I can never appreciate Tokubo enough for helping me because I never thought that i will ever have a normal life again thinking I'll never get out of this hiv virus in my whole life but i was wrong. My story goes thus: I found dr tokubo contact in a post i followed online, I copied the email and contacted him because i read about how he cure a man of hiv and that he have herbal remedy for cancer, yeast infection,HIV, Herpes e.t.c. I told him all he needed to know about my hiv status and he told me to relax and stay calm that he will help me by sending his medicine to me via courier delivery and he did as he promised. I received my healing within 10 days of using his herbal remedy. my lost joy came back alive as there is no more HIV, no symptoms, no fear of transmitting the virus to my love ones. Now I'm in a relationship and my sex life is awesome. All these happened last month ago and I decided to keep silent because I wanted to be sure of the healing. Now I'm saying this because I have undergone series of medical check up and all results came out negative. At first i thought it was just a joke until i tried it out and it worked perfectly well. The doctor never asked me to talk about him but I see it as my little way of showing other people out there need his herbal medicine to be cured.  You can reach dr tokubo via his email at: drtokubotemple@gmail.com or you can whatsapp him on: +2349037990322

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  6. HIV/AIDS cannot be cured through drugs and injections,but the best way to get rid of HIV/AIDS permanently is by taking natural herbal medicine for it,and If getting HIV cure through drugs and injections was that easy then why do a lot of people still suffer from HIV?. i was diagnosed of HIV back in 2015 and i was also told it has no cure, i have been leaving with it since then, but i keep praying and doing everything possible to get cured, but i never stopped doing my research about finding a cure, till i came across testimonies about people getting cured through herbal medication, and i have always believe in herbs and its medical properties, after doing so many research about it i found out,Dr. James was the one who cured them and i discovered he was a professional in herbal medication and he has also helped and cured many HIV/AIDS patients, i contacted him, we talked on phone and i confirmed he was genuine herbalist Doctor, i did all he told me to do, after 2 days of contacting him,He told me the cure is ready and he sent it to me through FEDEX Express courier service ,The medicine got to me in 3 days time, . I used the herbal medicine as he prescribed it for me, after taking his powerful herbal mix medicine morning and night for 21 days I was completely cured now, I went back to my doctor to confirm it. Do not be deceived THERE IS A CURE FOR HIV/AIDS, doctors might tell you there is no cure but WITH HERBAL MEDICATION THERE IS A CURE and if you need to know or get cured from HIV or others disease such as Herpes virus, Cancer,Hiv/Aids,.Parkinson's disease,Schizophrenia,Lung Cancer,Breast Cancer,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Blood Cancer,Prostate Cancer ,Epilepsy Dupuytren's disease, Diabetes ,Cardiac disease, Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone Toxicity
    Syndrome Fibrodysplasia Ossificans ProgresS sclerosis,Seizures,Alzheimer's disease,Adrenocortical carcinoma.Asthma,Allergic diseases.Hiv_ Aids,Herpe ,Copd,Glaucoma., Cataracts,Macular degeneration,Cardiovascular disease,Lung disease.Enlarged prostate,Osteoporosis.Alzheimer's disease,
    Dementia.Lupus.
    ,Cushing’s disease,Heart failure,Multiple Sclerosis,Hypertension,Colo_Rectal Cancer,Lyme Disease,Blood Cancer,Brain Cancer,Breast Cancer,Lung Cancer,Kidney Cancer,Hepatitis B, Liver Inflammatory,Diabetes,Fibroid, CONTACT DR JAMES ON
    EMAIL drjamesherbalmix@gmail.com
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  7. I read Liah's comment about Dr Iyabiye’s medication concerning HIV/aids. I tried it and it worked perfectly. It was like hell living with HIV/aids all this years until now, no more pains, weakness, and no more buying of anti-viral drug everyday to slow down the viral load. I would've come to testify before now but I have to wait for a couple of months to see if it will come back or feel pain as usual, I also went to the hospital for test and i was tested negative. All thanks to Dr. Iyabiye and to you Liah for spreading the good news. Doctor's contact: iyabiyehealinghome@gmail.com +234-815-857-7300

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  8. Never give up in life they all said there is no cure for HIV VIRUS, which is a big lie I have passed through many processes. Also, I never believed there is really a cure to HIV/AIDS until I met Dr. James. The doctor that have been helping people for many years, I come across this doctor online when I was searching for HIV permanent cure online I found out about Dr. James, and to my greatest surprise Dr. James has the herbal medicine for HIV cure which I have been looking for years I explained my problems to him through the email I found on someone who testified about Dr.James herbal mix write me a reply and explain how the process work so after ordering for the medicine I got it within 4 days and I took it according to the way Dr.James instructed me, I was very happy after 21 days I took the medicine there was very big change in my health when I was done with the process I went for a test, I found out I am negative that was the day I have the tears of joy after all i have been through.you can also get in contact with my doctor through his email now Drjamesherbalmix@gmail.com And He also has herbs medicine to cured the following diseases; Nephrotic Syndrome, eczema, urethra wart, chronic problems. Herpes, Cancer, ALS, Autism,Hepatitis, Diabetes, HPV infections, ulcer
    contact Email...drjamesherbalmix@gmail.com.

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  9. I saw Liah's comment about Dr Iyabiye’s medication concerning HIV/aids. I tried it and it worked perfectly, it was like hell living with HIV/aids all this years until now. No more pains, weakness and no more buying of anti-viral drug to slow down the viral load. Not only am cured /healed am financially OK also because I don’t buy drugs anymore. I would've come to testify before now but I have to wait for a couple of months to see if it will come back or feel pain as usual, I also went to the hospital for test and i was tested negative. All thanks to Dr. Iyabiye and to you Liah for spreading the good news. Doctor's contact: (iyabiyehealinghome@gmail.com) +234-815-857-730

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  10. I GOT CURED FROM HERPES VIRUS I was diagnosed of HERPES virus and i have tried all I can to get cured but all to no avail,,until I saw a post in a health forum about a herbalist man who prepare herbal medications to cure all kind of diseases including #HERPES virus,at first I doubted if it was real but decided to give it a try,when I contacted this herbalist via his email and he prepared a #HERPES herbal cure and sent it to me via DHL delivery company service, when I received this herbal medicine, he gave me step by direction on how to apply it,after applying the way I was instructed,I was totally cured of this deadly disease called HERPES, all thanks to Dr OGODO Email this great herbal doctor via his email Ogodoherbalhomesolution@gmail.com
    You can also WhatsApp him on +2349044680467
    HE CAN ALSO CURE SICKNESS LIKE
    {1}HIV/AIDS
    {2}DIABETES
    {3}EPILEPSY
    {4} BLOOD CANCER
    {5} HPV
    {6} ALS
    {7} HEPATITIS
    {8}LOVE SPELL
    {9} SICKLE AND ANEMIA
    Only DR OGODO Can Help You I Love You Father.

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