Patogenesis
Dasar utama patogenesis HIV adalah kurangnya jenis limposit T
helper/induser yang mengandung marker CD 4 (sel T 4). Limfosit T 4 merupakan
pusat dan sel utama yang terlibat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam
menginduksi fungsi-fungsi imunologik. Menurun atau hilangnya sistem imunitas
seluler, terjadi karena HIV secara selektif menginfeksi sel yang berperan
membentuk zat antibodi pada sistem kekebalan tersebut, yaitu sel lymfosit T4.
Setelah HIV mengikat diri pada molekul CD 4, virus masuk kedalam target dan ia
melepas bungkusnya kemudian dengan enzym reverse transcryptae ia merubah bentuk
RNA agar dapat bergabung dengan DNA sel target. Selanjutnya sel yang berkembang
biak akan mengundang bahan genetik virus. Infeksi HIV dengan demikian menjadi
irreversibel dan berlangsung seumur hidup.
Pada awal infeksi, HIV tidak segera menyebabkan kematian dari sel
yang di infeksinya tetapi terlebih dahulu mengalami replikasi (penggandaan),
sehingga ada kesempatan untuk berkembang dalam tubuh penderita tersebut, yang
lambat laun akan menghabiskan atau merusak sampai jumlah tertentu dari sel
lymfosit T4. setelah beberapa bulan sampai beberapa tahun kemudian, barulah
pada penderita akan terlihat gejala klinis sebagai dampak dari infeksi HIV
tersebut. Masa antara terinfeksinya HIV dengan timbulnya gejala-gejala penyakit
(masa inkubasi) adalah 6 bulan sampai lebih dari 10 tahun, rata-rata 21
bulan pada anak-anak dan 60 bulan pada orang dewasa.
Infeksi oleh virus HIV menyebabkan fungsi kekebalan tubuh rusak
yang mengakibatkan daya tahan tubuh berkurang atau hilang, akibatnya mudah
terkena penyakit-penyakit lain seperti penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh
bakteri, protozoa, dan jamur dan juga mudah terkena penyakit kanker seperti sarkoma
kaposi. HIV mungkin juga secara langsung menginfeksi sel-sel syaraf,
menyebabkan kerusakan neurologis.
Patofisiologi
Peran penting
sel T dalam “menyalakan” semua kekuatan limfosit dan makrofag, membuat sel T
penolong dapat dianggap sebagai “tombol utama” sistem imun. Virus AIDS secara
selektif menginvasi sel T penolong, menghancurkan atau melumpuhkan sel-sel yang
biasanya megatur sebagian besar respon imun. Virus ini juga menyerang makrofag,
yang semakin melumpuhkan sistem imun, dan kadang-kadang juga masuk ke sel-sel
otak, sehingga timbul demensia (gangguan kapasitas intelektual yang parah) yang
dijumpai pada sebagian pasien AIDS.
Dalam tubuh ODHA, partikel virus
bergabung dengan DNA sel pasien, sehingga satu kali seseorang terinfeksi HIV,
seumur hidup ia akan tetap terinfeksi. Dari semua orang yang terinfeksi HIV,
sebagian berkembang masuk tahap AIDS pada 3 tahun pertama, 50% berkembang
menjadi AIDS sesudah 10 tahun, dan sesudah 13 tahun hampir semua orang yang
terinfeksi HIV menunjukkan gejala AIDS, dan kemudian meninggal. Gejala yang
terjadi adalah demam, nyeri menelan, pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening, ruam,
diare, atau batuk. Setelah infeksi akut, dimulailah infeksi HIV asimptomatik
(tanpa gejala). Masa tanpa gejala ini umumnya berlangsung selama 8-10 tahun.
Pada waktu orang dengan infeksi HIV
masih merasa sehat, klinis tidak menunjukkan gejala, pada waktu itu terjadi
replikasi HIV yang tinggi, 10 partikel setiap hari. Bersamaan dengan replikasi
HIV, terjadi kehancuran limfosit CD4 yang tinggi, untungnya tubuh masih bisa
mengkompensasi dengan memproduksi limfosit CD4 sekitar 109 setiap
hari.
Manifestasi Klinis AIDS
Tanda-tanda gejala-gejala (symptom) secara klinis pada seseorang
penderita AIDS adalah diidentifikasi sulit karena symptomasi yang ditujukan
pada umumnya adalah bermula dari gejala-gejala umum yang lazim didapati pada
berbagai penderita penyakit lain, namun secara umum dapat kiranya dikemukakan
sebagai berikut :
• Rasa lelah dan lesu
• Berat badan menurun secara
drastis
• Demam yang sering dan
berkeringat diwaktu malam
• Mencret dan kurang nafsu
makan
• Bercak-bercak putih di
lidah dan di dalam mulut
• Pembengkakan leher dan
lipatan paha
• Radang paru-paru
•
Kanker kulit
Manifestasi klinik utama dari penderita AIDS pada umumnya ada 2
hal antara lain tumor dan infeksi oportunistik :
1.
Manifestadi tumor diantaranya;
a.
Sarkoma kaposi ; kanker pada semua bagian kulit dan organ tubuh. Frekuensi
kejadiannya 36-50% biasanya terjadi pada kelompok homoseksual, dan jarang
terjadi pada heteroseksual serta jarang menjadi sebab kematian primer.
b.
Limfoma ganas ; terjadi setelah sarkoma kaposi dan menyerang syaraf, dan bertahan
kurang lebih 1 tahun.
2.
Manifestasi Oportunistik diantaranya
2.1. Manifestasi pada
Paru-paru
2.1.1. Pneumonia
Pneumocystis (PCP)
Pada umumnya 85% infeksi
oportunistik pada AIDS merupakan infeksi paru-paru PCP dengan gejala sesak
nafas, batuk kering, sakit bernafas dalam dan demam.
2.1.2.
Cytomegalo Virus (CMV)
Pada manusia virus ini 50%
hidup sebagai komensial pada paru-paru tetapi dapat menyebabkan pneumocystis.
CMV merupakan penyebab kematian pada 30% penderita AIDS.
2.1.3.
Mycobacterium Avilum
Menimbulkan pneumoni difus,
timbul pada stadium akhir dan sulit disembuhkan.
2.1.4.
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Biasanya timbul lebih dini,
penyakit cepat menjadi miliar dan cepat menyebar ke organ lain diluar paru.
2.2. Manifestasi pada Gastroitestinal
Tidak
ada nafsu makan, diare khronis, berat badan turun lebih 10% per bulan.
3.
Manifestasi Neurologis
Sekitar 10% kasus AIDS nenunjukkan
manifestasi Neurologis, yang biasanya timbul pada fase akhir penyakit. Kelainan
syaraf yang umum adalah ensefalitis, meningitis, demensia, mielopati dan
neuropari perifer.
Faktor
Resiko HIV
Faktor-faktor yang
berhubungan denagan risiko transmisi HIV yang meningkat dituliskan dalam tabel
di bawah ini.
Transmisi
|
Faktor yang
meningkatkan resiko
|
Umum
pada setiap orang
|
Viral load tinggi
|
Adanya
AIDS
|
|
Serokonversi
|
|
Hitung
CD4 rendah
|
|
Ibu
ke anak
|
Pecah
ketuban lama
|
Persalinan
pervaginam
|
|
Menyusui
|
|
Tidak
ada profilaksis HIV
|
|
Seksual
|
Terjadi
bersamaan dengan PMS lain
|
Anal
seks yang reseptif vs insertif
|
|
Tidak
disirkumsisi
|
|
Peningkatan
jumlah pasangan seksual
|
|
Penggunaan
obat suntik
|
Menggunakan
peralatan secara bersama-sama dan berulang
|
Suntikan
IV vs subkutan
|
|
Pekerjaan
|
Trauma
dalam
|
Darah
yang terlihat dalam peralatan
|
|
Penempatan
alat arteri atau vena sebelumnya
|
Sumber :
1. Kandal, B.K. dkk., 2004, Penyakit Infeksi Edisi
ke-6, Erlangga, Jakarta.
2. http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fkm/fkm-fazidah4.pdf
diunduh pada tanggal 29 April 2013 Pukul 13.14 WIB
3. http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/31728/4/Chapter%20II.pdf
diunduh pada tanggal 29 April 2013 Pukul 13.17 WIB
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HE CAN ALSO CURE SICKNESS LIKE
{1}HIV/AIDS
{2}DIABETES
{3}EPILEPSY
{4} BLOOD CANCER
{5} HPV
{6} ALS
{7} HEPATITIS
{8}LOVE SPELL
{9} SICKLE AND ANEMIA
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